Example: na (not) is uninflected
Gajo na gacchati → The elephant does not go
Gajau na gamishyatah → The two elephants will not go
Gajaa na gaccheyuh → The elephants might not go
<aside> 💡 Uninflected words do not change (except through sandhi)
</aside>
cha means ‘and’
cha comes after the words it is connecting, i.e.,
Raamah Sita gajash cha gacchatah → Rama, Sita and the Elephant go
vaa means ‘or’
vaa is used the same way as cha
Both __ and __; Either ___ or ___
Raamash cha Sita cha gacchatah → Both Rama and Sita go
Raamo vaa Sita vaa gacchati → Either Rama or Sita goes
WHILE Sanskrit word order is flexible, chaa and vaa cannot appear at the start of a sentence.
When using saha and vinaa with a case 3 word, the basic sense that case 3 expresses is refined. Both of these words follow the modified word
Raamo gajena saha nagaram gacchati → Rama goes to the city with an elephant
Raamo gajena vinaa nagaram gacchati → Rama goes to the city without an elephant
“having done X” or “after doing X”
nii + tvaa ⇒ niitvaa (lead → having led)
kr + tvaa ⇒ krtvaa (do, make → having done, made)
New words are used like verbs, example:
Raamo nagaram gacchati (Rama goes to the city)
Raamah Sitam pashyati (Rama seems Sita)
Raamo nagaram gatvaa sitam pashyati (Rama, after going to the city, sees Sita)